• The leaf certificate (server’s own cert, proving its domain and public key),

• One or more intermediate certificates (issued by a Certificate Authority such as Let’s Encrypt or DigiCert),

• A trusted root certificate (pre-installed in browsers, OS, or JVM trust stores).

During the TLS handshake, the server sends the leaf + intermediate(s); the client verifies signatures step-by-step back to a trusted root. Browsers often auto-fetch missing intermediates, but non-browser clients (e.g., Java/Spring Boot apps, backend services) frequently fail with errors like “PKIX path building failed” or “unable to get local issuer certificate” if the full chain isn’t provided.

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When your application calls an HTTPS endpoint like:

https://api.domain.net

your browser or backend service doesn’t just trust it automatically. It verifies a certificate chain to ensure the server is legitimate and not part of a man-in-the-middle attack.

If you’ve ever seen errors like:

PKIX path building failed
SSLHandshakeException
certificate chain incomplete
unable to get local issuer certificate

this article is for you.

What Is a Certificate Chain?

A certificate chain (also called a chain of trust) is a sequence of certificates that links:

Your Website Certificate
        ↓
Intermediate Certificate
        ↓
Root Certificate (Trusted by OS/Browser/JVM)

Let’s break it down.

1️⃣ Leaf Certificate (Server Certificate)

This is the certificate issued to your website.

Example:

CN=api.domain.net

It proves:

• The domain identity

• The public key of the server

• The validity period

But this certificate is not trusted by itself.

2️⃣ Intermediate Certificate

Issued by a Certificate Authority (CA) like:

• DigiCert

• GeoTrust

• GlobalSign

• Let’s Encrypt

The intermediate signs your server certificate.

Why not sign directly with the root?
Because root keys are highly protected and rarely used.

3️⃣ Root Certificate

Example:

CN=DigiCert Global Root CA

This certificate:

• Is self-signed

• Is already installed in:

  • Windows

  • macOS

  • Linux

  • Browsers

  • Java truststore (cacerts)

If your chain successfully links to a trusted root → connection is secure.

How the Trust Verification Works

When a client connects:

1. Server sends:

   • Leaf certificate

   • Intermediate certificate(s)

2. Client verifies:

   • Domain matches

   • Signature chain is valid

   • Root exists in trust store

If any link is missing → TLS handshake fails.

Why Browsers Work but Java Fails

Browsers:

• Automatically download missing intermediate certificates.

Java (Spring Boot, RestTemplate, WebClient):

• Does NOT auto-download intermediates.

• Requires full chain during handshake.

That’s why backend services often fail even when the browser works.

Inspecting Certificate Chains Using Git Bash + OpenSSL

Git for Windows includes OpenSSL inside Git Bash.

Step 1: Open Git Bash

Step 2: Run This Command

openssl s_client -connect api.domain.net:443 -showcerts

What This Does

• Connects to port 443 (HTTPS)

• Performs TLS handshake

• Displays all certificates sent by the server

Example Output (Healthy Chain)

Certificate chain
 0 s:CN=api.domain.net
   i:CN=GeoTrust Global TLS RSA4096 SHA256 2022 CA1
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

 1 s:CN=GeoTrust Global TLS RSA4096 SHA256 2022 CA1
   i:CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Interpretation

LevelMeaning0Your website certificate1Intermediate certificateRootAlready trusted by system

This is correct configuration.

Example Output (Broken Chain)

Certificate chain
 0 s:CN=api.domain.net
   i:CN=GeoTrust Global TLS RSA4096 SHA256 2022 CA1
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

Only certificate 0 is present.

This means:

• Intermediate certificate is missing

• Java clients will fail

• Error: PKIX path building failed

Extract and Analyze a Specific Certificate

You can inspect a certificate in readable format:

openssl s_client -connect api.domain.net:443 -showcerts </dev/null \
| openssl x509 -noout -text

This shows:

• Validity dates

• Public key length

• Signature algorithm

• Subject Alternative Names (SAN)

• Key Usage

Check Expiration Quickly

openssl s_client -connect api.domain.net:443 </dev/null \
| openssl x509 -noout -dates

Output example:

notBefore=Aug 23 00:00:00 2025 GMT
notAfter=Feb 23 23:59:59 2026 GMT

Common TLS Errors and What They Mean

ErrorRoot CausePKIX path building failedMissing intermediate certificateunable to get local issuer certificateChain incompletecertificate expiredLeaf or intermediate expiredhostname verification failedCN/SAN mismatch

Best Practice for Servers

Always configure your server with:

Full Chain Certificate = Leaf + Intermediate(s)

Not just the leaf certificate alone.

If using:

• Azure App Service → upload full-chain PFX

• Nginx → use fullchain.pem

• Apache → use SSLCertificateChainFile

• Docker → ensure bundled cert includes intermediates

Visual Representation

Client (Browser / Java)
        ↓
[ Leaf Certificate ]
        ↓
[ Intermediate CA ]
        ↓
[ Root CA (Trusted Store) ]

If any link is missing → connection rejected.

Final Thoughts

Understanding certificate chains is essential for:

• Backend engineers

• DevOps teams

• Cloud architects

• API developers

It helps diagnose:

• Spring Boot SSL errors

• Azure deployment issues

• Load balancer TLS problems

• Reverse proxy misconfigurations

Whenever in doubt:

openssl s_client -connect yourdomain.com:443 -showcerts

This single command solves most TLS mysteries.

Video Demo

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🏴󠁩󠁤󠁪󠁷󠁿The Following Section Help Spring Boot Team to Automate the Certificate Trust Process On the Oracle Cloud

NOTE: OCI-Side Automation

You can automate the trust process on the Oracle Cloud side:

• OCI Certificates Service: You can use the OCI Certificates service to store the public portion of the certificate.

• Startup Script: Add a small script to your Spring Boot deployment on OCI that downloads the public certificate from your API’s URL and imports it into the Java truststore (keytool -import) every time the application starts.

To automate the import of the certificate into your Spring Boot environment on OCI, use a script that pulls the current certificate chain directly from your api endpoint and injects it into the Java Truststore.

The Automation Script

This script uses openssl to fetch the certificate from your API URL and keytool to import it into the JVM’s cacerts. Oracle Documentation recommends importing root, intermediate, and server certificates for full chain trust.

bash

#!/bin/bash

# Configuration
API_URL="api.domain.net"
PORT=443
ALIAS="cloud-api-managed-cert"
STOREPASS="changeit" # Default Java truststore password
CACERTS_PATH="$JAVA_HOME/lib/security/cacerts"

echo "Fetching certificate from $API_URL..."

# 1. Download the certificate chain
openssl s_client -showcerts -connect ${API_URL}:${PORT} </dev/null 2>/dev/null | \
openssl x509 -outform PEM > cloud_cert.pem

if [ ! -s cloud_cert.pem ]; then
    echo "Error: Could not retrieve certificate."
    exit 1
fi

# 2. Remove old version of the certificate if it exists
keytool -delete -alias "$ALIAS" -keystore "$CACERTS_PATH" -storepass "$STOREPASS" 2>/dev/null

# 3. Import the new certificate chain
# -noprompt ensures it doesn't wait for user 'yes' confirmation
keytool -import -trustcacerts -alias "$ALIAS" -file cloud_cert.pem \
    -keystore "$CACERTS_PATH" -storepass "$STOREPASS" -noprompt

echo "Certificate imported successfully into $CACERTS_PATH"

# 4. Cleanup
rm cloud_cert.pem

Use code with caution.

Implementation Steps on OCI

1. Environment Setup: Ensure the JAVA_HOME environment variable is set on your OCI instance. Use the IBM Guide to verify your cacerts location.

2. Scheduling: To handle 90-day renewals, schedule this script to run every 60 days using a Crontab:

   • 0 0 1 */2 * /path/to/script.sh (Runs on the 1st of every second month).

3. Permissions: The script requires write access to the Java lib/security/ folder. Run it with sudo if necessary.

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Back-End: Website structure, system, data, and logic are all parts of the back-end development process.

Together, front-end and back-end development build engaging websites with stunning visuals.

Front-End Code Sample

Please find below the front-end code sample from one of my project:

<!-- Table -->
<section>
<h2>Order List</h2>
<div class="table-wrapper">
   <table id="mainGrid" class="alt"> 
   <thead>  
     <tr> 
       <th>Order No.</th> 
       <th>Order Date</th> 
       <th>Customer</th> 
       <th>Status</th>  
       <th>Quantity</th>  
       <th>Delivery Fee</th>
       <th>Sale Price</th> 
       <th>Total Price</th> 
     </tr> 
 </thead>  
 <tbody>
@foreach (var item in Model)  {
    qty = qty + item.TotalQuantity;                                
    <tr> 
       <td>@item.ID</td>
       <td>@item.OrderDateTime</td>
       <td>@item.Customer</td> 
       <td> 
         <a href="~/Order/EditStatus/@item.ID"> @item.StatusName </a>
       </td>
       <td>@item.TotalQuantity</td>
       <td>@item.DeliveryFee</td> 
       <td>@item.SaleAmount</td>
       <td>@item.TotalAmount</td> 
    </tr>                            
  } 
</tbody>
</table>
</section>

Front-End Source Code at GitHub

Back-End Code Sample

Please find below the back-end code sample from one of my project:

[HttpPost("addcart")]
public IActionResult AddCart(int userId, int productId)
{
   try 
      { 
         var isProductAlreadyAdded = userCartEntity
             .FindBy(a => a.UserId == userId 
             && a.ProductId == productId 
             && !a.IsDeleted).Any();
         if (!isProductAlreadyAdded)
            {
              var userCart = new UserCartEntity
              {
                 UserId = userId,
                 TotalQuantity = 1,
                 AddedDateTime = DateTime.Now,
                 IsDeleted = false,
                 ProductId = productId
               };
                 userCartEntity.Add(userCart);
                 return Ok(new Status {IsSuccess = true,
                   Message = "Item added to cart successfully."});
             }
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
                Debug.WriteLine(ex);
                return Ok(new Status { IsSuccess = false, 
                          Message = ex.Message });
          }
           return Ok();        
}

Back-End Source Code at GitHub

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🎛️CODE: Source Code vs Binary Code

Source-Code: is the collection of instructions and statements that a programmer creates in a computer programming language. The source code then converted into machine code by compiler. Declarations, instructions, functions, loops, and other statements that instruct the program on how to run are all included in source code…

Read more

3 years ago · 2 likes · Wajid Khan

2. Selling prevention is hard. Selling a cure is easy.

3. Attract the audience with short-form content. Keep the audience with long-form content.

   

4. What do you think you need to create content V/S What do you actually need to create content.

   

5. Marketing is not about which product you sell. Marketing is about which story you tell.

   

6. People don't care about your product. They care about what your product can do for them.

   

7. Sell Benefits. Not features.

   

8. Don’t confuse your customers with too many options.

   

9. Do not order them to buy your stuff. Show them a dream.

   

10. Good hook with average content goes viral. Average hook with good content flops.

    

11. Your product should complete your customer’s life.

    

12. Big money is made by selling status.

Hi, I’m Wajid Khan. I am trying to explain computer stuff in a simple and engaging manner, so that even non-techies can easily understand, and delivered to your inbox biweekly. Join me on an under-the-hood tech journey.

In-Tech is like a never-ending story where the plot is always shifting. But you know what never fades? That fire inside us, the passion for what we do.

When I started in tech, I remember dabbling with some programming languages that are probably dusty now. It felt like a secret code breaking mission every time.

Nowadays, there are new languages popping up almost every week. Some stick around, others just fade away. But the core of it all? It's that excitement and drive to build something cool and solve puzzles.

What I've learned in my tech journey:

- 𝗙𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗶𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 is key. Adaptation keeps us ahead.

- 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 is a necessity. Tech stops for nobody.

- 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 makes us better. Sharing ideas fuels innovation.

While languages are constantly changing and frameworks are always evolving, your passion remains a constant, a steadfast flame in the ever-shifting landscape of technology. That's the thing that guides you, the thing you always strive for, your north star, the ultimate goal.

Remember to keep that burning passion alive within you, especially when you're facing challenges that might make you question your abilities and feel overwhelmed by new and complex situations.

There is one thing that even the most advanced technologies cannot replace, and that is the irreplaceable human element.

As everything around you shifts and changes, let this be your constant motivator and driving force.

If you're in the tech world like me, you probably understand this excitement. Each challenge is just an opportunity to create, innovate, and make things happen.

Books

📕Introducing My Book "How to Code Defensively in C#"

Wajid Khan

After much dedication and hard work, I am thrilled (ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ) to announce that my latest book , "How to Code Defensively in C#" is now available on Amazon!

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Hi, I’m Wajid Khan. I am trying to explain computer stuff in a simple and engaging manner, so that even non-techies can easily understand, and delivered to your inbox biweekly. Join me on an under-the-hood tech journey.

Solving complex problems is like piecing together a puzzle. In my world as a system engineer and lead developer, challenges often seem like a tangled mess of codes, concepts, and calculations. But that's what makes it exciting. The thrill of finding the right solution drives me every day.

Here are some things I focus on:

Breaking the Problem into Smaller Pieces: Tackling a whole problem head-on is overwhelming. By dividing it into manageable parts, I can address each segment effectively.

Encouraging Team Collaboration: Fresh perspectives and diverse skills are invaluable. Working with a team means we can pool our strengths, expedite solutions, and learn from one another.

Staying open to innovative solutions: Traditional approaches can be a fallback, but staying open to new ideas often leads to more efficient and elegant solutions.

Continuous learning: Technology evolves quickly, so keeping up to date through learning ensures that I’m equipped with the latest tools and techniques.

Turning complex problems into workable solutions isn’t just a part of my job; it’s something I genuinely enjoy. It’s the curiosity to see what's possible and the satisfaction of making it work that keeps me engaged.

If you're in the tech world like me, you probably understand this excitement. Each challenge is just an opportunity to create, innovate, and make things happen.

Books

📕Introducing My Book "How to Code Defensively in C#"

Wajid Khan

After much dedication and hard work, I am thrilled (ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ) to announce that my latest book , "How to Code Defensively in C#" is now available on Amazon!

Read full story

Hi, I’m Wajid Khan. I am trying to explain computer stuff in a simple and engaging manner, so that even non-techies can easily understand, and delivered to your inbox biweekly.

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This can include knowledge of programming languages, software development, hardware architecture, data analysis, and other technical areas.

A person who is more technical may have a greater ability to solve complex problems and develop more efficient and effective solutions, using their knowledge of technical tools and techniques.

They may also be better able to understand and communicate with other technical experts in their field, as well as to translate technical concepts and requirements to non-technical stakeholders.

• User-Driven: Emphasize → Test

• Balanced (User-Developer Collaboration): Define → Frame

• Developer-Focused: Prototype

The design thinking process and shows the shift between user and developer focus:

1. Emphasize: User-driven — Learn about user needs through research.

2. Define: Balanced — Formulate the problem based on user insights.

3. Frame: Collaborative — Brainstorm creative solutions (users + developers).

4. Prototype: Developer-focused — Build representations of ideas.

5. Test: User-driven — Test solutions and gather feedback for iteration.

The focus transitions from users (Emphasize, Test) to developers (Prototype), with collaboration in the middle (Define, Frame).

User Technical Scale

In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, technical skills are becoming increasingly important for individuals across a wide range of industries. From using basic software applications to developing complex software systems, the ability to understand and apply technical knowledge can be a major advantage for both personal and professional growth.

At the lower end of the technical spectrum, users who are more familiar with the software applications they use on a regular basis can benefit from increased efficiency and productivity.

By having a deeper understanding of the tools they work with, they can take advantage of advanced features and functions that may otherwise go unused. This can be particularly important for business professionals who rely on software tools to complete their work, such as marketers who use analytics software to track website traffic or project managers who use collaboration tools to manage their teams.

Moving up the technical scale, individuals who possess intermediate technical skills can take on more advanced roles, such as system administrators or data analysts. They may be able to troubleshoot technical issues, customize software applications to better meet their needs, or develop simple scripts and macros to automate repetitive tasks.

At the highest level of technical expertise, developers possess a deep understanding of programming languages, software design patterns, and other technical concepts. They can create complex software systems from scratch, optimize software performance, and integrate multiple systems into a seamless whole. Developers are in high demand across a wide range of industries, as more and more businesses seek to develop their own custom software solutions.

Regardless of where an individual falls on the technical scale, possessing more technical knowledge can be a valuable asset. It can lead to greater efficiency, improved productivity, and a deeper understanding of the tools and systems we rely on every day.

Hi, I’m Wajid Khan. I am trying to explain computer stuff in a simple and engaging manner, so that even non-techies can easily understand, and delivered to your inbox weekly.

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Hi, I’m Wajid Khan. I am trying to explain computer stuff in a simple and engaging manner, so that even non-techies can easily understand, and delivered to your inbox biweekly. Join me on an under-the-hood tech journey.

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AGI stands for "Artificial General Intelligence". AGI is a theoretical form of artificial intelligence that would have the ability to understand or learn any intellectual task that a human being can.

Unlike existing AI systems, which are designed for specific tasks and operate within a limited scope, AGI would have the ability to reason, plan, learn, communicate, and solve problems across a wide range of domains and contexts.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is a type of advanced computer intelligence that can think, learn, and solve problems just like a human being. Imagine having a machine or computer program that can understand and perform any intellectual task you can think of—whether it’s learning a new language, solving a tough math problem, or even understanding emotions.

AGI is different from the artificial intelligence (AI) we use today, which are good at specific tasks but cannot think and learn like a human. AGI, on the other hand, would be able to adapt to any situation, making it revolutionary.

The development of AGI is a subject of ongoing research and debate within the field of AI.

While some experts believe that AGI is achievable and could lead to revolutionary breakthroughs in fields such as medicine, transportation, and communication, others argue that AGI is a long way off and may never be possible due to the complexity of human intelligence and the limitations of current AI technologies.

Sponsor Link : CLEVE AI

Books

📕Introducing My Book "How to Code Defensively in C#"

Wajid Khan

·

11 Oct

After much dedication and hard work, I am thrilled (ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ) to announce that my latest book , "How to Code Defensively in C#" is now available on Amazon!

Read full story

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Are you tired of constantly dealing with a computer that is slow and negatively impacts both your productivity and entertainment? Fear not! Upgrading your computer doesn't have to drain your wallet.

Enhancing your machine's performance is easily achievable with these hardware upgrades, which are both simple and highly effective.

Let's dive in:

Upgrade Your RAM

If you're looking for a budget-friendly solution to enhance your computer's ability to handle multiple tasks simultaneously and boost its overall performance, one of the most effective methods is to upgrade its RAM.

By increasing the amount of RAM in your computer, you can significantly enhance its ability to handle multiple applications at the same time experiencing no slowdowns.

By implementing this straightforward upgrade, you can experience instant improvements in performance.

Switch to an SSD

Are you still using a traditional hard drive for your storage needs? By replacing it with a solid-state drive (SSD), you can significantly enhance its performance and experience a noticeable improvement.

Solid-state drives (SSDs) outperform hard disk drives (HDDs) in terms of speed, resulting in faster boot times, quicker loading of applications, and an overall more responsive and efficient computing experience.

Upgrade Your Graphics Card

If you have an interest in gaming or video editing, one way to greatly enhance your experience is by upgrading your graphics card.

By investing in a newer graphics card, you can experience the advantages of smoother frame rates, improved rendering times, and an overall boost in visual performance.

This investment has the potential to completely revolutionize your computer, transforming it into a multimedia powerhouse.

By incorporating these hardware hacks into your computer, you can effectively enhance its performance and make it feel brand new, all without breaking the bank.

Don't let a sluggish computer hold you back from achieving your best work or enjoying your downtime to the fullest.

By investing in these upgrades, you will witness a significant improvement in the performance of your machine.

Tired of a slow computer? Upgrade your machine affordably by increasing RAM for multitasking, switching to an SSD for faster performance, and upgrading your graphics card for better gaming and editing experiences. These simple hardware upgrades can revitalize your computer and boost productivity without breaking the bank.

Books

📕Introducing My Book "How to Code Defensively in C#"

Wajid Khan·

11 Oct

After much dedication and hard work, I am thrilled (ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ) to announce that my latest book , "How to Code Defensively in C#" is now available on Amazon!

Read full story

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When it comes to building an infrastructure, there is a wide spectrum of options, and serverless technology can be categorized as being on one end of that spectrum.

To ensure a thorough understanding of the options, let's not restrict ourselves to serverless, but delve into the entirety of infrastructures.

If you have specific compliance, or security concerns, you may prefer having complete control over your infrastructure. Start with a physical server. You truly have full control here. You can select your hardware components and everything on top of that, the virtualization operating system, data, application, and services. It also implies that you handle everything related to it, such as updating, patching, configuring, and fixing it in case of any major issues. 

Perhaps you lack the space or security measures to accommodate a physical server, yet you still desire a significant level of control. This is where the use of virtualized servers becomes relevant.

Someone else manages the hardware, and you can create resources like virtual servers or storage whenever needed. Yet, you are still in control of a significant portion of this, starting from the operating system and moving upwards.

All cloud providers have infrastructure as a service (IAAS) offering, such as AWS EC2, Azure virtual machines, and Google Compute Engine.

Platform as a Service (PAAS) provides additional abstraction to the infrastructure layer. Serverless takes Platform as a Service to its highest level. You won't have control over the operating system or anything below it in this offer. However, you choose to manage data, application code, and scaling configurations.

With a serverless application, you won't ever think about what network your application is running on or see a deployed server. You are given a platform where you can run your functions whenever you need to, without having to worry about hosting or scaling. However, you must stay within the platform's memory and processing time limits. 

However, it is not the ultimate solution for serverless. Although it's primarily a serverless compute, it's important to acknowledge that serverless encompasses more than just compute. Serverless technology allows for the use of containers, databases, and data processing without the need for traditional servers.

So, what is serverless good for? 

Well, a lot. It may require a small shift in thinking. For instance, when developing a serverless application, it won't be constantly running at a specific port. On the contrary, serverless functions react to events, and serverless architectures are typically event-driven. 

This refers to a function or a small block of code that responds to a trigger, typically written with minimal code. Perhaps there is an upload of an image or a reception of an API call. 

You may be familiar with the concept of microservices, which are particularly well-suited for serverless architectures. You want the least amount of code, correct? In the past, it was normal to bundle authentication, data querying, processing, and the front end into a single monolithic application.

However, with serverless, it is preferable to decompose these elements and use serverless functions to connect them all together. 

Your front end will be hosted on a serverless container, allowing you to log in using an authentication service. Moreover, you might engage with API triggers that communicate with functions responsible for querying or processing data. 

It is important to note that transitioning to a serverless architecture presents slightly more challenges than migrating a monolithic application from a virtual machine to a container. It needs to be handled with finesse and careful consideration.

Serverless architectures bring about a substantial change in our approach to application development and management. It's not only about getting rid of server management.

The idea of Serverless architectures is to embrace a new mindset that gives priority to agility, scalability, and cost efficiency, even if it means sacrificing some level of customization and control.

With this ever-changing technology, the opportunities are limitless and there are some potential drawbacks, but it has truly brought about a new era in architectural design and application development.

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After much dedication and hard work, I am thrilled (ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ) to announce that my latest book , "How to Code Defensively in C#" is now available on Amazon!

This book is packed with best practices for C# developers, focusing on defensive coding techniques to help you write more robust, secure, and maintainable code. Whether you're an experienced developer or just starting out, this guide provides practical examples to improve your coding discipline and avoid common pitfalls.

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Thank you to everyone who has supported me on this journey. I can't wait to hear your thoughts!

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Wajid Khan

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In today’s digital world, technology is everywhere. Whether you’re using a smartphone, browsing the internet, or working on a computer, you encounter technical terms that can be confusing.

What is IT Jargon?

IT jargon refers to the specialized language used by professionals in the information technology field. This language can include acronyms, technical terms, and phrases that may not be familiar to the average person. While these terms are useful for experts, they can be overwhelming for those who are not in the tech industry.

Common IT Terms Explained

Software

What it means: Software is a collection of programs and data that tell a computer what to do.

In plain English: Think of software as the instructions that help your computer or smartphone perform tasks, like playing games or browsing the web.

Hardware

What it means: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer or device, such as the keyboard, monitor, and hard drive.

In plain English: Hardware is everything you can touch on your computer or device. If it’s not a program or app, it’s probably hardware.

Cloud Computing

What it means: Cloud computing allows users to store and access data and programs over the internet instead of on a local computer.

In plain English: Imagine storing your photos and files in a virtual space online instead of on your computer. This way, you can access them from anywhere with an internet connection.

Network

What it means: A network is a group of computers and devices connected together to share resources and information.

In plain English: Think of a network like a group of friends sharing their toys. Each computer can talk to others and share things like files and printers.

Firewall

What it means: A firewall is a security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

In plain English: A firewall acts like a security guard for your computer, deciding what information can come in and go out to keep you safe from harmful stuff.

Malware

What it means: Malware is malicious software designed to harm or exploit any programmable device or network.

In plain English: Malware is like a bad guy trying to sneak into your computer to steal information or cause trouble.

User Interface (UI)

What it means: The user interface is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. It includes everything a user sees and interacts with on a device, such as buttons, menus, and icons.

In plain English: The UI is like the dashboard of a car. It shows you all the controls and information you need to drive, making it easy for you to use the car without needing to know how the engine works.

Operating System (OS)

What it means: An operating system is software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.

In plain English: The OS is like the manager of a restaurant. It makes sure everything runs smoothly, from the kitchen (hardware) to the dining area (software), so that customers (users) have a good experience.

Database

What it means: A database is an organized collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated.

In plain English: Think of a database as a digital filing cabinet where information is stored in a way that makes it easy to find and use later.

API (Application Programming Interface)

What it means: An API is a set of rules that allows different software applications to communicate with each other.

In plain English: An API is like a waiter in a restaurant. You tell the waiter what you want, and they bring it from the kitchen (the software) to your table (your application).

Why Understanding IT Jargon is Important

Understanding IT jargon can help you navigate the digital world more effectively. Whether you’re troubleshooting a problem, discussing technology with friends, or making informed decisions about tech purchases, knowing the basics can empower you.

Tips for Learning IT Terms

• Ask Questions: Don’t hesitate to ask someone to explain a term you don’t understand.

• Use Online Resources: Websites like HowStuffWorks can provide clear definitions and explanations.

• Practice: The more you encounter and use these terms, the more familiar they will become.

• Stay Curious: Technology is always evolving, so keeping an open mind and a willingness to learn will serve you well.

To sum up

Demystifying IT jargon is about breaking down complex terms into simple language that everyone can understand.

By familiarizing yourself with these common terms, you can feel more confident in navigating the tech world.

Remember, technology is meant to make our lives easier, and understanding the language of IT is a step towards making that happen. If you have any more questions or need.

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An unprecedented IT failure occurred over the weekend when computers worldwide were rendered useless due to a software update gone wrong, marking it as quite possibly the biggest failure in the history of humanity.

The situation caused a halt in plane operations, an offline status for banks, and a complete stoppage of machines in hospitals.

To begin, let's direct our attention towards the actual events that took place. To begin, it would be best to start with the basics. Every single device in the world that runs software, like your phone, laptop, or even a TV at the airport, is built on an operating system.

The operating system is like the brain of a computer. It makes everything happen, like Word on your laptop or flight times on TV.

Microsoft Windows is the most popular operating system, no question. Guess what? Windows was running on more than 70% of desktops last month, which probably shocked the Mac fans (15%). Commercial applications, including factory robots, hospital devices, airplanes, and non-mobile or laptop computers, greatly favor the use of Windows.

If there is a malfunction with the operating system, such as Windows, your device will cease functioning entirely. If the operating system fails to function, the device will not be able to operate. The CrowdStrike outage occurred exactly as depicted. The software caused severe issues with the Windows operating system, rendering computers unable to start.

When it comes to outages, nothing is quite as unsettling as a non-responsive operating system that refuses to boot up.

The only way to fix it is by manually rebooting the computer in a special way, which allows you to remove the offending code. Yet, the users of these devices are typically not tech-savvy individuals and likely have little to no knowledge about the concept of an operating system. The reason why it took a long time to resolve this outage was due in part to the need for significant assistance and guidance from CrowdStrike.

What led to this outage? Who exactly is CrowdStrike?

If you were raised in the 90's like me, it's likely that you had some form of Norton installed on your computer.

Norton is a brand known for its antivirus software. It resides on your computer and aims to safeguard it from viruses that hackers and malicious individuals try to spread online.

When it comes to antivirus software, there are a few generic methods it uses, including examining files that seem suspicious or unfamiliar. Norton has assembled a team of researchers dedicated to discovering the most recent vulnerabilities and malicious software deployed by hackers. They ensure that your computer is always up to date by adding new items to its search database, and if any of those items are detected, an alarm will sound. These kinds of updates are consistently published to the software, allowing your computer to stay informed about what it needs to search for. CrowdStrike essentially performs the same functions, just with improved marketing in 2024. Instead of targeting consumers like you and me, their primary target market is businesses when it comes to selling their software. A total of 300 companies from the Fortune 500 utilize CrowdStrike's services. The outage had a profound effect on numerous devices in various industries, showcasing its widespread impact. The owners of these devices, including renowned companies like INTEL and ERICSSON, were part of CrowdStrike's client base.

Virus protection and the OS.

Deep access to a computer's operating system is necessary for antivirus software to function properly.

Deep inside, It keeps an eye on all the little things an operating system does, so it needs to be able to see them and shut them down if it doesn't like what it sees this particular piece of software has access to the most sensitive and confidential information on any computer, more than any other software.

Antivirus software having special access to operating systems has always been controversial. Back in 2008, a researcher wrote a whitepaper about how antivirus software could be vulnerable itself, and how things could go really wrong because of that.

On Friday, CrowdStrike rolled out a software update that included a new Channel File, bringing added features to its users. It is worth remembering that antivirus companies allocate resources to teams dedicated to researching and addressing the most recent vulnerabilities. Once they find a new one, they update their software to start searching for it. That's what a CrowdStrike Channel File does - it detects a specific kind of malware. This one had a seemingly harmless name, such as:

C-00000291.sys

Unfortunately, this file encountered a significant issue when it tried to access non-existent data on Windows. Developers use the term "Null Pointer Exception" to describe a situation where a program tries to access nonexistent data, leading to unpredictable outcomes. Software engineers often overlook this bug type, considering it to have little impact.

As I have progressed in my coding journey, I have encountered a multitude of instances where Null Pointer Exceptions have occurred in my code.

However, in this particular instance, it was not a usual or ordinary situation. Since CrowdStrike's software is deeply integrated into the operating system, its malfunction resulted in a complete system failure. Your Windows machines' startup was affected by the faulty file sent during the software update, resulting in the inability to start up. As a result, the Blue Screen of Death (BSOD).

The dreaded blue screen in Windows can bring you to a full stop due to a serious system crash

Why Windows specifically?

Lastly, let's discuss why this issue specifically impacted Microsoft Windows. CrowdStrike offers products for MacOS and Linux, the other two major desktop operating systems.

Windows is the dominant operating system in the enterprise and commercial world, leaving little room for MacOS or Linux on most devices.

However, there is more to the story. When it comes to building Windows, Microsoft takes a different approach than Apple, favoring a more open system with less tightly integrated software and hardware.

Apple limits the level of control that software like CrowdStrike has over the operating system.

What caused the delay in resolving this issue?

It is common for incidents like this to be resolved swiftly. However, even though CrowdStrike swiftly released a solution for the problematic file as soon as they found out about the issue, some systems remained offline for hours, and in some instances, even days.

Furthermore, this is another indication of the privileged relationship we discussed in relation to the operating system. Standard software has the ability to receive updates via the internet in order to resolve software bugs. Nonetheless, to rectify the problem and restore the functionality of the operating system on numerous devices running different iterations of CrowdStrike, it was necessary for users to undergo a manual restart in safe mode - a specific restart mode intended for addressing such issues. Following this, users had to manually locate and delete the C-00000291.sys file.

It is worth noting that most users of these devices do not possess advanced computer skills. This particular task demands substantial assistance in order to guide individuals through the steps involved, like using the Terminal.

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To simplify the understanding of databases for non-technical individuals, I often use a food metaphor. This metaphor allows me to explain the concept of different databases in a relatable and straightforward manner.

Relational Databases: The Classic Hamburger

Relational databases are the most common type of database, and they are like the classic hamburger. A hamburger consists of a patty, bun, lettuce, tomato, onion, and cheese.

Similarly, a relational database consists of separate tables, which are combined to make a complete database.

In a relational database, each table represents a specific type of data, such as customers, orders, or products. The tables are connected through a common field, such as an ID, which allows for easy retrieval and manipulation of data. For example, if you want to find a customer's order history, you can simply search for their ID in the orders table and retrieve the corresponding data.

Relational databases are highly structured and are best suited for applications that require complex queries and transactions.

They are widely used in industries such as finance, healthcare, and e-commerce, where data needs to be highly organized and easily searchable.

Document Databases: The Pizza Pie

Document databases are like a pizza pie. A pizza pie consists of a crust, sauce, cheese, and various toppings. Each of these components is combined to make a complete pizza. Similarly, a document database consists of separate documents, which are combined to make a complete database.

In a document database, each document represents a specific piece of data, such as a customer, product, or order. The documents are stored in a semi-structured format, such as JSON or XML, which allows for easy retrieval and manipulation of data. For example, if you want to find a customer's order history, you can simply search for their ID in the customer document and retrieve the corresponding data.

They are widely used in industries such as advertising, content management, and social media, where data needs to be highly dynamic and constantly changing.

Key-Value Databases: The Salad Bar

Key-value databases are like a salad bar. A salad bar consists of separate ingredients, such as lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, and dressing. Each of these ingredients is stored separately and combined to make a complete salad.

In a key-value database, each key-value pair represents a specific piece of data, such as a customer, product, or order. The key is used to identify the data, and the value is the data itself. For example, if you want to find a customer's order history, you can simply search for their ID in the key-value pairs and retrieve the corresponding data.

Key-value databases are highly scalable and are best suited for applications that require high-speed data retrieval and storage. They are widely used in industries such as gaming, advertising, and real-time analytics, where data needs to be highly dynamic and constantly changing.

Graph Databases: The Sushi Platter

Graph databases are like a sushi platter. A sushi platter consists of separate pieces of sushi, such as Nigiri Sushi, Hosomaki Sushi, Temaki Sushi, Sashimi Sushi.

To conclude, the selection of the database will ultimately rely on your unique needs and specific requirements. It is crucial to select the most suitable database for your use case, as each type of database has its own set of strengths and weaknesses.

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It is commendable that you are faced with the task of making decisions. Looking back, it is possible to recognize that certain decisions were flawed, but that does not imply that you had prior knowledge or that you should blame yourself for it afterwards.

Not making a decision can often be worse than making the wrong one. Failing to make a decision results in missed opportunities.

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Let's discuss making decisions that will leave you feeling satisfied. What factors determine the quality of a decision, even before you have the ability to judge its rightness?

The best decision is:

Knowledgeable (supported by data) : The claims made in this report are supported by extensive data and evidence.

On time (neither too early nor too late): The timing of the decision is crucial, as it should neither be made too early nor too late.

Aligned (In line with the goals and objectives of the company.) : All efforts are aligned with the goals and objectives of the company.

Scaled (Project significance determines resource allocation.): Investment and resources will be allocated based on project significance.)

It is important for managers to be aware of and involved in the decision-making process within their organization.

It is important that you invest effort in training your teams and organizations to enhance their ability to make effective decisions. Making successful decisions involves more than just being quick or achieving a desired result; it also entails empowering others to make optimal decisions for the benefit of the team.

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The presence of a well-defined framework for effective decision making can be incredibly beneficial. Since learning about the RACI model, I have made a conscious effort to apply its principles in my work, and I continue to do so today.

In order to move forward, the initial step is to clearly define the decision that needs to be made and determine the deadline for its resolution. Please take a moment to write it down. Next, you can proceed by implementing RACI, which stands for Responsible, Approves, Consulted, and Informed - an acronym that effectively outlines the essential stakeholders involved in making a decision.

This outlines the characteristics and qualities of the person who is:

• Responsible. Who will make the decision? It is important to delegate decision-making authority to the lowest competent level. If you haven't done that, it implies that you are not delegating a sufficient amount of tasks.

• Accountable. Who has the power to approve or reject? It is this person who possesses the ultimate power and control over the successful completion of the specific task or deliverable.

• Consulted. The individuals in question lack the authority to make the decision, however, it is your responsibility to gather their input prior to finalizing the decision, as you are keen on hearing their perspectives. The team will consult someone who possesses unique insights.

• Informed: Who are the individuals that need to be informed about the decision? When it comes to sharing information, it is preferable to make sure that too many people are informed rather than too few, in order to avoid any potential gaps in communication.

The use of this model can significantly enhance your ability to make prompt decisions and implement them with optimal effectiveness.

Once you have made a decision, it is important to move forward and take action. In life, there will be moments where you may find yourself wishing for an opportunity to redo something or realizing that it didn't go exactly as planned. However, it's important not to dwell on the "what ifs".

Instead of viewing failures as setbacks, strive to extract valuable insights from them and store those lessons in your collection of wisdom, ready to be utilized in future endeavors.

When it comes to the basic components of effective decision-making, it's all about making choices and progressing forward.

The goal of implementing the RACI model is to bring structure and clarity to the roles of stakeholders involved.

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اگر آپ سرمایہ کاری شروع کرنا چاہتے ہیں تو اس ایپیسوڈ میں کچھ چیدہ چیدہ نقات بیان کیے گئے ہیں جن کو اپ مد نظر رکھ کر آپنی سرمایہ کاری سٹارٹ کر سکتے ہیں۔

بیسکلی سرمایہ کاری کے لیے جو پہلا کام ہے وہ یہ کہ آپ کسی بھی اسلامک بینک میں اپنا بینک اکاؤنٹ کھلوائیں گے اور اس کے بعد پھر سرماکاری کی دو طریقے ہیں ایک یہ ہے کہ آپ بینک کی ایسٹ مینجمنٹ کمپنی کو استعمال کرتے ہوئے میوچول فنڈ میں انویسٹ کریں یا پھر یہ ہے کہ آپ سی ڈی سی کی منظور شدہ کمپنی کے پاس انویسٹمنٹ اکاؤنٹ کھلوائیں اور ا سٹاک مارکیٹ میں انویسٹ کریں۔

کسی بھی نئے انویسٹر کے لیے میوچل فنڈ کی سرمایہ کاری آسان بھی ہے اور کم خطرہ سرمایہ کاری ہے اگر آپ ایک دفعہ تجربہ کار ہو جائیں تو پھر آپ ڈائریکٹ سٹاک مارکیٹ میں انویسٹ کریں جس میں شیئر خریدے یا فروخت کیے جاسکتے ہیں -

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آپ اپنی رائے دے سکتے ہیں اور آپ کے تبصرے میرے لیے قابل قدر ہیں۔

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ، میں واجد خان ہوں۔ میں سافٹ ویئر، انٹرنیٹ سیکیورٹی، پرائیویسی اور ہارڈ ویئر کو آسان اور دل چسپ انداز میں سمجھانے کی کوشش کر رہا ہوں، تاکہ غیر تکنیکی افراد بھی آسانی سے سمجھ سکیں۔ ہفتہ وار بلاگ حاصل کرنے کے لیے، میرے بلاگ کو سبسکرائب کریں۔

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واجد خان بلاگ پڑھنے کا شکریہ! نئی پوسٹ حاصل کرنے اور میرے کام کو سپورٹ کرنے کے لیے مفت میں سبسکرائب کریں۔

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Practice Basic Cyber Hygiene

You don’t need to be a seasoned hacker to practice good cyber hygiene. In fact, many of the first steps are actually pretty simple to do—all you have to do is remember to do them.

Start by utilizing strong passwords and updating them regularly. Most services will even suggest a secure password for you when you create an account. You should also enable two-factor authentication whenever possible, which adds an extra layer of security that someone would need to breach in order to access your accounts.

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By regularly backing up your data, you can also protect yourself if there’s ever an attack or problem with one of your accounts. This will save you the headache of having to recover any lost data, as well as reduce the chances of falling victim to a targeted attack or ransomware.

Finally, downloading software from trusted sources and staying up-to-date with the latest security news can help keep you informed about potential threats and tips on how to stay secure online. Doing all this may seem intimidating at first, but with a little bit of effort, it’s entirely possible for anyone with basic technical know-how and time.

Use Strong and Unique Passwords

The third step in conquering your fear of hacking is to make sure you're using strong and unique passwords.

To stay safe, use unique passwords for each account and make sure they’re long and complex. A great way to generate a random, secure password is to use a password manager. Most password managers will create a secure password for you, store it securely and automatically input it into websites when needed - making it easier to remember and use. You can also set up two-factor authentication (2FA) on some accounts, which adds an extra layer of security.

Another tip is to create a list of all your online accounts (including ones you don't regularly use) and make sure they all have different passwords.

Finally, be sure to regularly update your passwords every few months, as this will help protect your accounts even more!

Enable Two-Factor Authentication Whenever Possible

When it comes to trying to safeguard your online information, one of the most basic and effective steps you can take is to enable two-factor authentication whenever possible.

This feature has become more and more widely available, on everything from banking apps to social media platforms, and it's a great way of making sure that even if somebody steals your password, they still won't be able to access your account.

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Not sure what two-factor authentication means? It's simple. Anytime you try to access an account, in addition to entering a username and password, you'll also have to input a code that's sent directly to you; this code remains valid for only a short period of time.

This means that even if somebody were able to figure out your username and password somehow, they wouldn't be able access your account because the code becomes invalid quickly.

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سٹاک مارکیٹ کو سمجھنا نہایت آسان ہے مثال کے طور پہ آپ بزنس کرنا چاہتے ہیں تو اپ کو فنڈ ریزنگ چاہیے پھر اس کے دو طریقے ہیں ایک ڈیٹ فائننسنگ ہے اور ایک ایکوٹی فائننسنگ ہے۔

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ڈیٹ فائننسنگ (Debt financing) میں آپ قرض لیں گے چاہے وہ بینک سے لیں یا کسی جاننے والے سے اور آپ کو نفع ہو یا نقصان ہو آپ فکس اماؤنٹ سے اس کو پرافٹ دیں گے اور پھر جب اپ کا کاروبار چل جائے گا تو آپ اس کو اصل رقم واپس کر دیں گے اس کو ڈیٹ فائننسنگ کہتے ہیں اور جو آپ بینک سے لون لیتے ہیں وہ بھی ڈیٹ فائننسنگ کیٹگری میں آتا ہے۔

کاروبار میں فنڈ ریزنگ کے لیے دوسرا طریقہ ایکوٹی فائننسنگ (Equity financing) ہے اس کی مثال ایسے ہے کہ آپ نے کاروبار میں 100 روپے لگایا ہے تو اپ کسی کو کہتے ہیں کہ اپ مجھ سے 10 پرسنٹ کے شیئر ہولڈر (shareholder) بن جائیں یعنی میری کمپنی میں حصہ دار بن جائیں تو اس طرح وہ یہ پیسے انویسٹ کر کے اس کمپنی کا حصہ دار بن جائے گا اور اس کے بعد جب کمپنی کا پرافٹ آئے گا سال کے بعد تو وہ اپنے شیئر ہولڈر میں تقسیم کرے گا اس کو ٹیکنیکلی ڈیویڈنڈ (dividend) کہتے ہیں۔

اب یہ کام ایک چھوٹے پیمانے پہ ہو رہا ہے اگر اپ کو یہی کام ایک بڑے پیمانے پہ چاہیے تو اپ کو کوئی مارکیٹ پلیس چاہیے جہاں پہ اپ شیئر خرید کر سکیں اور بیچ سکیں اور اس مارکیٹ پلیس (marketplace) کو سٹاک مارکیٹ کہتے ہیں۔

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آپ اپنی رائے دے سکتے ہیں اور آپ کے تبصرے میرے لیے قابل قدر ہیں۔

السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ، میں واجد خان ہوں۔ میں سافٹ ویئر، انٹرنیٹ سیکیورٹی، پرائیویسی اور ہارڈ ویئر کو آسان اور دل چسپ انداز میں سمجھانے کی کوشش کر رہا ہوں، تاکہ غیر تکنیکی افراد بھی آسانی سے سمجھ سکیں۔ ہفتہ وار بلاگ حاصل کرنے کے لیے، میرے بلاگ کو سبسکرائب کریں۔

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واجد خان بلاگ پڑھنے کا شکریہ! نئی پوسٹ حاصل کرنے اور میرے کام کو سپورٹ کرنے کے لیے مفت میں سبسکرائب کریں۔